Occupational Therapy theory and practice for preterm neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a scoping review

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, supporting the vital functions of preterm neonates is necessary, along with timely intervention in their sensory and psychological state, through specialties such as Occupational Therapy.

Aim: The purpose of the present systematic review was to explore occupational therapy interventions for preterm neonates at high risk in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. In addition, it also ascertains the theories and approaches adopted by Occupational Therapists within the interdisciplinary team for neonates a high risk in a NICU.

Methodology: Relevant articles published between 2004-2024 were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL scientific databases. The search strategy consisted of controlled search terms relevant to the search topic, such as “preterm”, “neonates”, “occupational therapy”, and “neonatal intensive care unit”, along with their combinations.

Results: Out of 204 studies, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting Occupational Therapy guidelines, as well as theories and approaches consistent with Occupational Therapy for intervention in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Findings suggest that Occupational Therapy utilizes the Person-Environment-Occupation theoretical model, framing the preterm neonate in relation to their environment and the occupations they engage in. Occupational Therapy's contribution to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit is based on developmental and family-centered approaches, aiming both to promote the self-regulation of preterm neonates in stressful conditions and to improve neurodevelopment.

Conclusions: Within the framework of the interdisciplinary approach in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Occupational Therapy integrates innovative approaches and evidence-based therapeutic methods to address the needs of preterm neonates on physical, sensory, and psychosocial levels. This promotes health, well-being, and participation in developmentally appropriate basic daily activities.

Keywords: Occupational Therapy, preterm neonates, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit